Understanding the Risks Behind Familiar Cold Remedies
Many over the counter cold medicines appear harmless, yet they can carry meaningful risks linked to side effects and drug interactions.
Several pharmacists caution that easy availability does not guarantee safety, including Jigar Mehta of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
Various common products promise fast relief, although their active ingredients can still affect the body in significant ways.
Decongestants
Certain decongestants work by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal passages, reducing swelling and easing airflow.
Other formulations such as nasal sprays deliver medication directly through inhalation.
Multiple concerns surround these drugs because they can raise blood pressure, increase heart rate, and cause anxiety or insomnia.
Individuals with heart disease, hypertension, stroke history, angina, or diabetes face additional risks.
Using nasal sprays for several days may actually worsen congestion rather than relieve it.
Recent reviews identified phenylephrine as ineffective when taken orally, prompting the FDA in 2024 to recommend removing it from store shelves.
Antihistamines
Some antihistamines reduce the production of histamine, helping limit sneezing, watery eyes, and a runny nose.
Others also act as sedatives, which is why they often appear in nighttime cold medications.
Older adults face heightened risks because these drugs suppress acetylcholine, potentially causing drowsiness, dizziness, or confusion.
Interactions with other anticholinergic medications may intensify these effects and increase the likelihood of falls.
Cough Suppressants
Cough suppressants target the brain rather than the throat or lungs, inhibiting the reflex that triggers coughing.
Consumers should review ingredient lists carefully before taking these products.
Dextromethorphan appears in many formulations and is effective, yet high doses may cause dizziness, confusion, or mood changes.
People taking other medications that influence brain activity may face greater risks.
Pain Relievers
Some cold medicines contain acetaminophen or NSAIDs like ibuprofen to reduce fever, headaches, and body aches.
Excessive intake of acetaminophen above 3000 to 4000 mg per day can damage the liver.
Even standard doses of ibuprofen slightly raise short term risks of heart attack or stroke.
Prolonged NSAID use may increase blood pressure or cause stomach bleeding.
High daily NSAID intake can also harm the kidneys.
Combination Medicines
Many cold products combine several active ingredients into a single tablet for convenience.
Some of these mixtures include medications that users might not actually need.
Accidental double dosing can occur if someone takes separate acetaminophen or NSAIDs while also using combination products.
Pharmacists warn that doubling up on these pain relievers can push people beyond safe daily limits.
Safe Use Guidance
Checking ingredient lists helps ensure that only necessary components are taken.
Review active ingredients and avoid those irrelevant to your symptoms.
Consider interactions with prescription drugs you already use.
Limit pain relievers to avoid unintended overdosing.
Seek professional advice when uncertain about any cold medicine.
Follow dosing instructions carefully and never exceed recommendations.
Support overall recovery with rest, hydration, and healthy routines.
